Personal Note On Family And Family - 1320 Words

There are many of ways that I can describe the word family. To me family isn’t just only blood, family is someone who I can count on when times get hard. That person I can count on may not be a mother, father, brother, or sister. That person may be a teacher, coach, or a friend. Family is people who want to see someone happy in life; people who loves us and wants to see us make something out of ourselves. Family is people who can get together and have a good time and make memories. The reasons I value family is because there a support group, they show my history background and stays connected, and finally I benefit from themy life experience. If I look into the history of the word family, I can see that the meaning changed several times over the decades. The meanings always tend to relate together in some type of form. Family was referred to in the Middle French as â€Å"a group of people living under the same rooftop† in 1337. If you just think about a next door neighbor who lost themy house and you let them stay in your home. Say if they moved in with you because they were broke and lost themy house. That neighbor would be considered family. Over a decade later in 1442-1444, the meaning of family change to â€Å"people who are related by blood† I did have the same blood line as someone else. That is a term we still use today. Then again around the time 1580 in the Middle French the word is defined â€Å"is a group of people related by blood or marriage† also a term we use today. ThatShow MoreRelatedPersonal Note On Family s Family 883 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Genogram Paper Genogram Overview My genogram contains three generations and includes the most important people in my family system. The genogram includes my grandparents on both my parent’s sides, my parents, their spouses, and siblings, and on the final row, my siblings and I. My family has been through a lot of experiences, good and bad, in our existence. Even though we are living in different areas of the country, our family bond has been unchanged. My grandparents all passed away byRead MorePersonal Note On My Family Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesand began to cry. Each month, my mom’s stomach grew bigger and bigger until finally it was July. It was time for my brother to pop out. From painting the nursery to buying baby clothes, I was totally on board, ready to invite a new member into the family. His due date was July 4, 2003, but when July 5,6, and 7 rolled around we realized he was going to come late. On the morning of July 15, my mom had a doctor’s appointment. She dropped me off at my grandparents’ house beforehand. At the appointmentRead MorePersonal Note On My Family1920 Words   |  8 PagesOctober Journal Topics 10/5 My parents have had quite a number of jobs in their lifetime. 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The four of us have had so many problems throughout my life, but no one seems to noticeRead MoreFlorence Nightingale s Importance For Nursing1712 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Notes on Nursing, Florence Nightingale expresses the importance of proper care to patients. Another factor of nursing that was effec ted by Nightingale is the professionalism of nursing and how nursing is not only a science, but an art. Nightingale states how numerous subjects in nursing should be improved upon. The specific chapters that show how Nightingale has improved nursing within Notes on Nursing were Light, Personal Cleanliness, Chattering Hopes and Advices, and Ventilation andRead MoreWomens Values in Past, Present and Future Essay616 Words   |  3 Pagesthe early 20’s, things like getting married at an early age while you were still at your prime, building a family, buying a house with a â€Å"white picket fence† were important. Then in the 30’s, getting married and having a family was still the most important thing, but also perhaps becoming a socialite and presenting a good imaging. *NOTE: It may be important to note that women were always expected to ‘keep up appearances’ or be perfect and project the right image. At Read MoreMark Steinberg And Vladimir Khrustalev s The Fall Of The Romanovs : Political Dreams And Personal Struggles1286 Words   |  6 PagesMark Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalev’s The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution presents hundreds of annotated primary documents, introduced by dry descriptions of the major contemporary events. This dense document collection offers a detailed account of the downfall of the Romanov family, divided across four chapters. Steinberg and Khrustalev worked to avoid bias in this piece, and offer a wide range of documents for the reader to analyze. UnfortunatelyRead MoreWhy Do Parents Sometimes Perceive Of The Other Team Members?820 Words   |  4 Pages(2004) are quoted in the Browder and Spooner text to say that â€Å"teachers not only must have instructional skills for teacher children but also must have th e competency to work effectively with families† (Browder and Spooner, 2011). In other words, teachers not only need to teach their students, but also their families. If a teacher does not have the ability to explain processes to parents, parents cannot assist their child. Some parents do not feel they have the knowledge to work with the members of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On The Socioeconomic And Emotional Well Beings Of Children As They Progress Through Life1598 Words   |  7 Pageseffects of divorce on the socioeconomic and emotional well-beings of children as they progress through life? Brandwein, R. A., C.A. Brown, and E.M. Fox. 1974. â€Å"Women and Children Last: The Social Situation of Divorced Mothers and Their Families.† Journal of Marriage and Family 36(3): 498–514. Ruth Brandwein explains that amongst the most common causes for the â€Å"downward economic mobility of divorced mothers† is the economic discrimination against women. Because women are generally given less job training

Influence Of Gangs On Adolescents - 2333 Words

Influence of Gangs on Adolescents in America Madison M. Prettyman California State University, Fresno Criminology 120- January 1, 201 Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes three different films, Crips and Bloods, A Better Life, and Gran Torino. The films each explore the social settings of three distinct minority groups; the paper notes and describes several similarities among the groups. These include widespread poverty, discrimination from the dominant social order, and the lack of availability of normal social opportunities. The General Theory of Crime is examined and used to explain why these minority adolescents act out the way they do. This analysis is an attempt to find the reasons for why individuals choose to get involved in criminal activity instead of â€Å"living above the influence.† Finally, the paper explores potential methods to provide the support necessary for keeping juveniles away from this criminal involvement. Involvement in gang activity and juvenile delinquency is a widespread concern in the United States. Much of the time, those involved are a part of a racial minority group. This paper explores three distinct minority groups – African Americans, Hispanics, and Hmong – in an attempt to conclude why and how these individuals choose to pursue violent gang activities. Crips and Bloods, A Better Life, and Gran Torino are three films that each do an outstanding job in describing some of the causes of adolescent involvement in criminalShow MoreRelatedWhat Causes Deviance And What Is The Definition Of Deviance859 Words   |  4 PagesIn the field of sociology there are various competing theories that attempt to determine what causes deviance and what is the definition of deviance. In an effort to explain why gang membership exists in today’s society, there is one theory that stands out from the rest: Sutherland’s differential association. Sutherland’s diffe rential association theory explains deviant behavior as something that is â€Å"learned through associations† rather than solely based upon the community that one is fostered inRead MoreYouth Gang Membership And It s Implication Adolescent Development Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThere are over 700,000 adolescents who are involved in youth gangs. (Thomas). America has a youth gang culture that is present in its society. This paper will focus on youth gang membership and it’s implication to adolescent development. First to be discussed will be the demographics of adolescents involved in gangs. Then the reasons why youth join gangs and how it is related to their natural development. Next, we will turn to contemplate the implication of gang culture and involvement in America’sRead MoreYouth Gangs In Canada886 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Youth gangs in Canada is becoming more and more of issue. Adolescents across Canada resort to joining youth gangs for many different reasons. A youth gang is a group of young adolescents who use intimidation and violence to gain prestige among other gangs and control certain areas of unlawful activities. For all the reasons an adolescent would join a youth gang, police and the Government have come up with programs to prevent youth from joining and to get them to leave the gangs. With programsRead MoreGang Violence : A Serious Problem1561 Words   |  7 PagesGang violence is a serious problem in America today, and it is also prevalent in the other countries in the world. â€Å"According to a national gang survey, the most recent estimate indicates that there were about 760,000 gang members in 24,000 gangs in the United States in 2004† this just supports the statement that it is a huge problem in the United States (Cooper, 2009, p. 1). Unfortunately, the Youth of America and these other countries have been a large demographic of these gangs for many yearsRead MorePolicing The Lives Of Black And Latino Boys1348 Words   |  6 Pagesdecided to shadow and interview black and Latino adolescence males from poverty and lower-class neighborhoods to tell their stories and experiences of criminalization as targeted minority groups. Rios had grown up in the ghetto of Oakland, was a former gang affiliated member, had been in and out of the juvenile systems, and was labeled a delinquent by many of his peers growing up. Unlike many, Rios overcame the criminalization, victimization, brutality, and negativity that society uses to control andRead MoreThe Gang Activity Within Our Community Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper discusses the gang activities in Grenville, NC. There are three main topics th at include; 1) the history of gang activity. 2) Gang activity in today’s society. 3) Ways to eradicate gang activity within our community. To start what is the true definition of a gang and what is there purpose? A gang is an organized group of either friends or family with identifiable leadership claiming control over a community or territory. Gangs are driven by money, power, and opportunities to victimizeRead MoreTeen Delinquency And Its Effects On Society963 Words   |  4 PagesMore and more adolescents are committing delinquent crimes. Delinquency can be seen as the direct result of negative affective states. Gangs are a group of youths who collectively engage in delinquent behavior. Peer groups can provide a lot of social and emotional support for anti-social activities. Peer relations, in all cultures have been linked to adolescent behavior choices including substance abuse and delinquency. Currently there are now more than eight hundred thousand gang members in theR ead MoreThe Incarceration Of Minority Youth883 Words   |  4 PagesThe increasing rate of imprisoned minority adolescent youth and young males in the criminal justice system. For this reason there needs to be interventions available to this population to create a change in society. †¢ The changing number of adolescent and youth minority prisoners : The incarceration of minority youth is at a high as well as the cost for the imprisonment of them in their states, many of their offenses are non-violent. There is a need for initiatives to be created to reduce the numbersRead MoreRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreLatino Community At Risk Youth Focus Group Of Forsyth County1130 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Unidos† Gang Prevention Welcome, to our Latino community at-risk youth focus group of Forsyth County, in North Carolina. Our mission of the â€Å"Unidos† Gang Prevention and Education Program is to lower gang involvement, violence, with providing education, knowledge, community and family involvement. This program will target Latino students from ages 11-17 that show involvement to be at risk of being a member or have affiliations with a street gang. However, all students are welcome. The program will

Effects On The Industrial Revolution Free Essays

ECONOMICAL Industrialization resulted in an increase in population and the happening of urbanization, as a growing number of people moved to urban centres in search of employment. Some individuals became very wealthy, but some lived in horrible conditions. A class of wealthy industrialists, ship owners and merchants conquered, accumulating great wealth, but at the same time the working classes had to live with minimum comforts in overcrowded environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects On The Industrial Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Children were sent to work in factories, where they were broken and ill-treated. The growth of the Industrial Revolution depended on the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. There were three main types of transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution: waterways, roads, and railroads. Transportation was important because people were starting to live in the West. During this time period, transportation via water was the cheapest way to move heavy products (such as coal and iron). As a result, canals were widened and deepened to allow more boats to pass. Robert Fulton made the first steam-powered engine to power a steamboat, and in 1807 he demonstrated its use by going from New York City to Albany via the Hudson River. His steamboat was able to carry raw materials across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid 1800’s. The roads also improved immensely during this time period. Previously, people traveled using animals or by foot, but there were many problems with the conditions of the roads. In 1751, turnpikes were created for easier transportation, especially for the horse-drawn wagons. John Loudon McAdam made â€Å"macadam† road surfaces which consisted of crushed rock in thin layers. Thomas Telford made new foundations in roads with large flat stones. Soon after, roads across America were improved based on these techniques. The closest to trains were horses, commonly used to pull freight cars along rails. In 1801, Richard Trevithick made the first steam locomotive. These improvements on waterways, roads, and railroads all made traveling safer, and it allowed goods to be moved more efficiently. SOCIAL Women experienced large changes in their lifestyle as they took jobs in  domestic service and the textile industries, leaving the agricultural workforce and spending less time in the family home. This period also saw the creation of a middle class that enjoyed the benefits of the new prosperity. People started spending their free time entertaining themselves in theatres, concert halls and sports facilities or enjoying the countryside in long path. The Industrial Revolution was preceded by an agricultural revolution that increased the food supply while decreasing the amount of labor needed. Traditionally, the primary goal of agriculture was to produce enough food to prevent famine. This overwhelming fear of starvation made most farmers very conservative and highly skeptical of change. Poor harvests would lower the supply of food, which would result in increased prices. The basic effect of supply and demand was at the center of most of the class conflict in this preindustrial world. Both bad harvests and increased population affected the price of food. High prices increased the wealth of the aristocratic class and led to death and starvation among the peasants; therefore, the primary reason behind most peasant uprisings was the high price of food. POLITICAL Most important, however, 19th-century Britain experienced political unrest as the industrialization and urbanization of the country created a need for social and political change. There were increasing demands for improved social welfare, education, labour rights, political rights and equality, as well as for the abolition of the slave trade and changes in the electoral system. As a result, the slave trade was abolished in 1807 and the Great Reform Act was passed by Parliament in 1832. After this Reform Act, manufacturing cities such as Birmingham and Manchester could be represented in Parliament for the first time, thereby substantially changing the character of parliamentary politics. The Industrial Revolution brought many changes to Europe but one of the most notable differences is urbanization. Urbanization is the process of people migrating to the cities from farms and the country. Before urbanization and the Industrial Revolution, most people were peasants and lived out in the country. Their occupation was a farmer and they generally just worked from home. However, once the Industrial Revolution started people, people started moving to cities and working in  new factories, increasing urbanization. A reason for this was that because of a surplus of food, the population increased. This supplied more labor which allowed people to start moving to cities instead of staying on the farms. Also more jobs were found in the cities compared to the farms because of new technologies that greatly increased the productivity of farming which cause the demand for farmers to decrease. However, the continuity of this change is that even though farmers were moving out the cities to find jobs, there were still farmers working in the country. Farmers were still needed to produce food for the growing population but there were less of them needed because technology replaced some the need for human labor. Urbanization was certainly a crucial change during the Industrial Revolution but there were still some features that stayed the same. How to cite Effects On The Industrial Revolution, Papers

Analysis Financial Assertions Corporation †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Analysis Financial Assertions Of A Corporation? Answer: Introduction The current study essentially presents a complete review of compliance audit that speaks about the organization's adherence to different regulatory strategies with special reference to the operations of Billabong International Limited, Australia. The present study presents an official inspection of different accounts of the corporation, financial inspection along with systematic as well as independent assessment of books of accounts, company literature together with diverse vouchers of corporation. This can help in determining the business risks as well as audit risk that can aid in determining the extent to which the financial statements of the firm presents true and fair view. Overview of the business of the client Billabong The core business of the company Billabong International Limited is essentially an Australian clothing corporation that carries out marketing, suitable distribution, both wholesaling as well as retailing of garments, accessories, economics, eyewear and hardgoods among many others. The company Billabong established during 1973 on Australias Gold Coast has license of operations in over and above 100 nations and are offered in nearly 10000 locations across the world (Billabongbiz.com 2017). The brands of the company are appropriately marketed and at the same time promoted worldwide through different associations with professional athletes, specific junior athletes, different brand advocates as well as events. The major proportion of revenue is created and acquired by means of different wholly-owned functions in areas such as Australia, Brazil, North America, New Zealand, Europe, Japan, and South Africa. The business concern Billabong has roughly 4,000 members of the staff throughout the world and the companys shares are essentially publicly listed on ASX (Australian Securities Exchange). Billabongs products are well distributed by means of focused boardsports retailers as well as through own branded retail stores of the company (Billabongbiz.com 2017). Overview of the industry Billabong operates in the clothing industry in Australia with special orientation to the surf industry. The operations include wholesaling as well as retailing of products such as surf, superior quality skate, both snow and sports apparel along with accessories and hardware. Analysis of the industry in which Billabong operates reveals that there is stiff competition in the worldwide surf skate as well as apparel (Billabongbiz.com 2017). In addition to this, there is also increasing costs of raw materials and slowdown of the consumer spending. Evaluation of the current situation in surf industry reflects that the surf industry developed exponentially in Australia and professional surfing acquired a mainstream. Thus, Billabong International Limited could capitalise on the developing opportunities in this segment in Australia and across the world (Billabongbiz.com 2017). The industry analysis of Billabong reveals that the company gets government support. National policies supported nation-building, creation of employment, industrialisation, consecutive governments set policies of trade to defend regional clothing as well as textiles. The casual lifestyle in Australia and fair climate directs Australians to expend less on particularly clothing than individuals in otherwise analogous Western markets (Billabongbiz.com 2017). During the year 2005 and 2006, retail turnover in particularly Clothing Retail stores was approximated to be AUD 10.1 billion, recommending addition of clothing sales in Department stores. Significant risks and audit risks for Billabong The philosophy of Billabong towards risk management is not to be essentially risk averse. In addition to this, management of the company wants identification, discussion as well as proper management of risk. Identification of Five Significant Business and Audit Risks Translation Risk owing to a considerable fraction of the operations of the group that is outside the area of Australia, the group is necessarily exposed to certain currency exchange rate risk (translation risk). In this case, this risk occurs when the offshore income of the entire group and fluctuations of asset/resources are declared in Australian dollars. The professional accountants might commit error due to inclusion of the effects of fluctuations in the report and face audit risk (Arens et al. 2012). The segment information of the group for the prior period is necessarily presented on a stable currency basis utilizing the present period average exchange rates on a monthly basis to transform the previous period foreign income. This is essentially undertaken to remove the influence of foreign exchange actions from the performance of the entire group. Material Risk- Material risks refer to the ones that have the capacity to influence the overall financial prospects of the firm. Some of the material risks that affects the firm Billabong are hereby mentioned below:- Brand Risk is the probable damage as well as market loss essentially appeals to the entire brand or else the image of the group (William Jr et al. 2016). In particular, the group addresses the risk by means of remaining aware of the specific economic as well as consumer data, advanced innovative product along with brand management. Fashion Risk refers to the failure of the company to design as well as deliver specific products that can appeal to target customers. Macro-economic environment-The company also faces the risk of macro-economic environment that affects the financial performance of the group because of different facets that include movements in the Australian as well as worldwide capital markets, rate of interest, exchange rate of foreign currency, rate of inflation and many others. The financial performance of the entire group can fluctuate owing to different factors counting movements in all the Australian and worldwide capital markets, rate of interest, currency exchange rate, rate of inflation, emotions of customers together with the micro-economic conditions in the markets (Arens et al. 2015). Again, alterations in the government policies, fiscal and monetary policies, commodity prices, investor perceptions along with other facets might affect the overall financial condition of the firm. The auditors of the firm might perhaps fail to take into consideration effect of these macro-environmental factors on the financial assertions of the firm. Social risk- The firm also faces social risk owing to risks surrounding the workplace, health as well as safety standards. The business law professional might fail to give stress on the above mentioned significant business risks in the audit report that again might affect the financial assertions, leading to audit risk (Louwers et al. 2015). Competition- The company competes for specifically discretionary earnings and not only with other activity sport participants. However, the performance of the group might be adversely affected by different actions of rival players. For instance, lowering of price of products or else generating new lines of product that are essentially more attractive in the market place or else by consenting to make more payments for manufacturing, services and employment and developing substitute channels (Eilifsen et al. 2013). Seasonal factors-Performance of the firm is also affected by different seasonal factors that in turn pose material risks. The business of Billabong is necessarily seasonal in characteristics and long-standing unseasonal conditions of weather might affect adversely the operations of the group, provided the significance of the overall quality, performance as well as timely delivery of the products of the company (Arens et al. 2014). The audit risk of the firm mainly occurs owing to inaccurate opinions in the financial statements of the firm. The auditors of the firm might fail to identify the risk of debt covenants. Failure of the firm to act in accordance with the firms financial covenants created by a considerable decrease in revenue or else earnings or material alterations in the AUD against USD exchange rate might require the company to seek modifications, waivers of covenant observance or substitute borrowing arrangements (Arens et al. 2014). Companys tax affairs might lead to tax risks of operations in each nation. The might be adverse impact by alterations in both fiscal or else regulatory command, variances in explanation of the local tax regulations of those nations, and alterations to present political, judicial or else administrative strategies related to tax (Simnett et al. 2016). Professional accountants of the firm might fail to understand the tax affairs and this might lead to material misstatement. Management of the firm also fails to identify the social risks surrounding the business of the firm and incorporate the effects of social risks in the financial assertions of the corporation (Arens et al. 2013). The company sources specific goods that are manufactured in nations such as China in which there remain risks revolving safety of workplace, maintenance of health and safety standards. Analysis using financial statements Calculation of key financial ratio from the financial statements of Billabong 2016 2015 Industry Current Ratio Current Assets 464454 523753 Current Liabilities 197932 236768 2.346533 2.212094 2 Debt to Equity Ratio Debt 185206 113521 Equity 259289 281584 0.714284 0.403151 1 Gross Profit Margin Gross Profit -23739 2552 Total Sales 11,03,535 10,56,130 -2.15118 0.241637 60% Inventory Turnover Cost of Goods Sold 542373 495308 Average Inventory 185556 187125 2.922961 2.646937 4 times Trade Receivable Turnover Net Credit Sales 11,03,535 10,56,130 Average Accounts Receivable 171644 164504 6.429208 6.420087 6 times The above mentioned table shows the ration calculation that in turn helps in assessment of the business of the client and identify the audit risks of the firm. As rightly put forward by (), current ratio refers to a specific liquidity ratio that enumerates capability of the corporation to reimburse both short as well as long term obligations of the firm. Current Ratio of the firm Billabong is calculated to be 2.34 during the year 2016 and 2.21 during the year 2015. Increase in the current ratio reflects an improvement in the current assets of the firm as compared to the current liabilities over the two year period and surplus from industry standard, representing a desirable liquidity position (Kunz et al. 2014). Cohen and Simnett (2014) opines that debt to equity ratio refers to a specific debt ratio that can be utilized for measurement of financial leverage of the corporation. This essentially reflects the way a business concern is utilizing debt for financing different resources in comparison to the total amount of equity of shareholders (Houghton and Campbell 2013). Debt to Equity Ratio of the firm Billabong is enumerated to be 0.71 during the year 2016 as compared to the year ago figure of 0.43 during 2015. However, it is lower than the industry standard of 1. This replicates the fact that the debt financing has increased as compared to equity financing reflecting a financially unstable and risky condition as debt need to be repaid to all the lenders of the firm. Gross Profit Margin helps in assessment of financial health of the corporation. Gross Profit Margin of the firm Billabong is enumerated to be -2.15% during 2016 and 0.24% during 2015. Therefore, it can be said that the profitability condition has deteriorated further during 2016 as compared to 2015 and it is at a very low level as compared to the industry standard. The gross profit ratio has become negative during 2016 reflecting that the firm is losing on different products that they are producing, thus can be regarded as a very undesirable financial condition. Inventory Turnover provides measures of the total times the firms inventory of sold (Bodie 2013). Inventory Turnover of the firm Billabong is calculated to be 2.92 during 2016 and 2.64 during 2015. The figure for inventory turnover shows the extent to which a corporation can control the products; therefore, the increase in the same indicates a high turn. However, it is lower the industry standard of 4. Accountsreceivable turnoverrefers to efficiency ratio that calculates the total number of times a specific business can convert accountsreceivableparticularly into cash (Entwistle 2015). Trade Receivable Turnover of the firm Billabong is enumerated to be 6.49 during 2016 and 6.42 during 2015. This reveals the total number of times a particular business can turn the accounts receivable into particularly cash during a specific period of time. The higher ratio reflects that the business firm is appropriately acquiring the receivables and more regularly throughout the entire year (Pappa 2015). Material Misstatements Depending on calculations of key financial ratio it can be hereby mentioned that the company faces debt risk evident from the higher debt equity ratio. -1)Again, the company also faces low earnings (negative earnings) reflecting risks of operations. In this case, the risk might be related to failures of the accounting professionals of the firm to identify the risks of different micro and macro economic factors reflected through the decline in the decline in assets and profit. -2) The key risk facets related to material misstatement include the debt covenant. Results of analysis of financial assertions of the firm show that there is lot of burden to carry out debt financing (Dalnial et al. 2014). There is requirement to have debt equity ratio to be less than 1 and it is observe to be less than 1. The requirement might lead to withdrawal of loan that in turn can have an adverse influence on business actions. Professional accountants of the firm can materially misstate the debt of the firm that in turn can affect the users of the financial information who arrive at economic decisions based on the financial assertions of the firm. Financial risk can also identified in this case. Analysis of business operations reveals the incapability of the firm to reimburse the liabilities of the firm within the stipulated period of time (evident from the comparative rise of debt in terms of equity) (Richard 2014). -3)Again, the current ratio is greater than the industry standard of 2. Therefore, there exists a probability that the current assets of the firm might have been plummeted so that the current ratio can be maintained at the level of 2 or above (Dung 2016). -3)The inventory turn of the company is also lower than the industry standard reflecting lower capability of the corporation to turn inventories into cash. The professional accountants also might manipulate the inventory of the firm that can lead to risky practice. Therefore, there exists a probability that the inventory of the firm might be altered by revealing added inventory during the period of arrival (Dung 2016). - 5) there is also increase in the financial risk of the corporation as is evident from the associated risks that needs to be analysed in a bid to assess whether the evidence are provided in the financial statements Going Concern The company Billabong essentially faces a going concern issue as is evident from the negative trends of potential indicators. This necessarily includes the decrease in the profit figure of the firm from $2552000 recorded during 2015 to -$23739 during 2016, increase in the cost of goods sold from (495308) to (542373) during 2016 (Billabongbiz.com 2017). In addition to this, the other expenses of the firm Billabong has also increased from 127681 during 2015 to nearly 127730 during 2016. A negative trend can also be observed in case of existence of current assets of the firm that is from 523753 in 2015 to 464454 in 2016. Furthermore, the company also faces adverse financial ratio that include extreme drop in gross profit margin (negative), increase in debt equity ratio (Billabongbiz.com 2017). Again, the inventory turn is also lower than the industry standard of 4 times reflecting lack of efficiency of the firm. Social Responsibility The company Billabong necessarily sources products manufactured in nations namely China mainly where there are risks surrounding the place of work, standards of both health and safety standards of factories. Essentially, the business group also utilizes external auditing unit for auditing social compliance of the corporations warehouses when measured against the approved code of conduct. This code of conduct essentially contains specific standards that are equivalent to SA8000 as well as Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (Billabongbiz.com 2017). In particular, Billabong International has in place a worldwide social compliance program that focuses on different aspects that includes the following: The company can concentrate on the youth and linked to the environment. The company can assess the materials used for production, footprints of different retail stores and the way products are made. The company Billabong can carry out audits of particularly supply chain of the corporation as well as manufacturing procedures in order to make certain social compliance. During 2015, the company engaged different global assessors for independent assessment of the companys compliance with the manufacturers in the firms supply chain on a regular basis (Billabongbiz.com 2017). During 2015, the company Billabong engaged international auditors Bureau Veritas assume ongoing, sovereign auditing of companys supply chain for societal compliance as well as quality control.Again, in case if by means of audit procedure, a warehouse does not secure satisfactory score, a corrective plan of action can be established. Essentially, subsequent visits can be scheduled by the audit management committee to ensure implementation of corrective actions. Again, social audit programs can also be undertaken by the firm founded on the Code of Conduct that reflects the International labour Organizations Standar ds (Billabongbiz.com 2017). In addition to this, the company can also develop and enhance environmental initiatives that can help in confrontation with increasing pollution in order to lessen the overall impact on environment. Conclusion The above mentioned study helps in understanding the business of the client Billabong International along with the industry in which the firm operates. In addition to this, the current study also helps in gaining deep insight into the significant business risks of the firm. Thereafter, with special reference to the financial assertions of the firm for the year 2015 and 2016, the study calculates and assesses the financial performance of the firm. In addition to this, the study also identifies the areas of material misstatements in the financial statements and detects the same from the calculated financial ratio. Furthermore, the report also helps in comprehending the potential going concern issue from the financial outcomes. Moving further, the current study also provides a brief summary of the companys social responsibility. References Arens, A., Elder, R. and Beasley, M., 2014. Auditing and assurance services-An integrated approach; includes coverage of international standards and global auditing issues, in addition to coverage of.Boston: Aufl. Arens, A.A., Best, P., Shailer, G., Fiedler, B., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M., 2015.Auditing and assurance services in Australia: an integrated approach. Pearson Education Australia. Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Beasley, M.S., 2013.Auditing and Assurance Services Plus NEW MyAccountingLab with Pearson EText: Access Card Package. Prentice-Hall. Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J. and Mark, B., 2012.Auditing and assurance services: an integrated approach. Boston: Prentice Hall. Billabongbiz.com. 2017.Billabong Biz : Behind the Brand - Investors - Investors Home. [online] Available at: https://www.billabongbiz.com [Accessed 15 Sep. 2017]. Bodie, Z., 2013.Investments. McGraw-Hill. Cohen, J.R. and Simnett, R., 2014. CSR and assurance services: A research agenda.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,34(1), pp.59-74. Dalnial, H., Kamaluddin, A., Sanusi, Z.M. and Khairuddin, K.S., 2014. Detecting fraudulent financial reporting through financial statement analysis.Journal of Advanced Management Science Vol,2(1). Dung, N.V., 2016. Value-relevance of financial statement information: A flexible application of modern theories to the Vietnamese stock market.Quarterly Journal of Economics,84, pp.488-500. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W.F., Glover, S.M. and Prawitt, D.F., 2013.Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Entwistle, G., 2015. Reflections on Teaching Financial Statement Analysis. Accounting Education,24(6), pp.555-558. Houghton, K. and Campbell, T., 2013.Ethics and auditing(p. 354). ANU Press. Kunz, R., Josset, D., Scholtz, H., Motholo, V., O'Reilly, G., Penning, G. and Rudman, R., 2014. Auditing Assurance: Principles Practice.OUP Catalogue. Louwers, T.J., Ramsay, R.J., Sinason, D.H., Strawser, J.R. and Thibodeau, J.C., 2015.Auditing assurance services. McGraw-Hill Education. Pappa, A., 2015. Financial statement analysis of a multinational company and equity valuation of computer-based technology group. Richard, P., 2014. The Role of the Accounting Rate of Return in Financial Statement Analysis.The Continuing Debate Over Depreciation, Capital and Income (RLE Accounting),67(2), p.235. Simnett, R., Carson, E. and Vanstraelen, A., 2016. International Archival Auditing and Assurance Research: Trends, Methodological Issues, and Opportunities.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,35(3), pp.1-32. William Jr, M., Glover, S. and Prawitt, D., 2016.Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education.

Expatriate Success and Failure free essay sample

Executive Memorandum Re: Expatriate Success and Failure Under thriving globalization the success of expatriates is more crucial today than ever before. Even though exact expatriate failure rate is not available, it is essential that every expatriate succeeds on foreign assignment due to incurred cost for transfer, accommodation, salary, and trips home. Additional opportunity cost includes loss of future business and reputation in foreign community. The expatriate failure means either premature return or departure from organization shortly after arriving back. The reasons behind early return are inability to adapt to new culture, family issues, and failure to adjust to a new workplace or find common ground with coworkers. The departure from the organization upon return are caused by failure to adjust to the changed work environment, different than expected position in company, as well as tempting offers from other organizations. Despite the severity of those problems almost all of them can be prevented and foreseen during selection and orientation processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Expatriate Success and Failure or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The company should look for expatriate that is first of all willing to work abroad, as well as displays human relation skills, has previous overseas experience and knowledge of languages, is open and able to adapt to new experiences. The family situation is should also be taken into account, expatriate should receive help in finding proper educational facility for children and workplace for spouse. After the selection process is complete the company has to provide clear and specific guidelines that grantee consistency in administration of expatriates. During the orientation expatriate should receive cultural sensitivity training by being briefed on local history, policy, geography, climate, housing, schools and entertainment, as well as, customs, traditions and gender roles within the community. Language courses are required. The orientation should include simulations that will force the employee to face the cultural difference in unfamiliar setting in order to deal with emotional discomfort and solve the communication problem. Finally repatriation of expatriate should include prior preparation for expatriate’s arrival back by selecting new position that suits the attained experience and expertise. Employee should be reintroduced to the staff and briefed on the changes in the company environment that took place during his absence. For quick assimilation he should be placed in a team of experienced staff. Every sign of dissatisfaction and lack of motivation should alarm management; the problems should be discussed and dealt with whithin the company. All above mentioned recommendations were gathered from various sources and personally analyzed. Expatriate success and failure. The general definition of an expatriate is anyone who lives outside their native country. In business world it implies an employee who was sent on foreign assignment to manage operations in a different country. The need for expatriates is determined by the lack of qualified and experienced workers in the given country, or effort to provide international experience for talented employees. Some other reasons may include sustaining organizational culture, transferring knowledge and creating a human â€Å"link† between the headquarters and the foreign company. Even though foreign assignments were always popular, the success of such is crucial for the companies today more than ever. In order to thrive under globalization, every company should establish an effective communication system between all of its units and be able to control operation and production across the vast distances. The understanding of cultural context, customs, traditions, beliefs and values in given company contributes to the productive business outcomes in a new country. The success and failure of expatriate is defined by two variables, success during the assignment which entails completion of all tasks and improvement in operation of the company as well as cooperation with local staff; and effective readjustment and reintegration within the organization upon return. The failure, therefore, includes premature return of expatriate, disappointing performance during the assignment and departure from the organization shortly after arrival. The damage caused by failed assignment is hard to calculate. The incurred cost of transfer, accommodation, salary and trips home is mounted on top of opportunity cost of losing future business and reputation in a foreign community. Even though the failure rate of expatriates today is not specified (the last statistics is dated 1991) the success of every expatriate is essential to organization. What causes expatriates to quit their assignments? There are a number of reasons such as inability to adapt to new culture, family issues, and failure to adjust to a new workplace or find common ground with coworkers. Even though culture is mostly invisible variable, it affects the human productivity in various ways inability to fluently express ideas in foreign language or mare cultural misunderstanding can evoke feelings of frustration and desperation. Bringing family on foreign assignment raises many issues such as providing education for children and workplace for spouse that may occupy the mind of an expatriate causing lack of focus and quarrels in the family. Lastly, the difference in position and pay may distance local staff from expatriate and effect communication and team work. Toh DeNisi, 2005) The early departure upon return from assignment is often caused by failure to adjust to the changed work environment, different than expected position in the company, as well as tempting offers from other companies. Despite the severity of these problems they can be prevented and foreseen beforehand. The effective selection, orientation, on-program support and repatriation will ensure the spike in expatriates’ success rate. Selection process. Most companies concentrate mainly on expatriate’s orientation and training rather than selection process, even though selection of the candidate that is most suitable for the foreign assignment will ensure smooth and easy adaptation. There are a number of tests that are aimed at defining whether the employee is fit to work abroad; they examine human relation skills, ability to adapt, previous overseas experience, knowledge of the language, and openness to new experiences The primary factor being, of course, desire to work abroad. Unfortunately, there is a poor pool of applicants for foreign assignments (Brown, 2006) The reasons most employees are unwilling to relocate are mostly family related such as spouse’s career and children’s’ education as well as reluctance to lower their standard of living by moving into third world country. Therefore, during the interviewing of potential employees the companies should favor applicants that are willing to go on foreign assignment that will expand the choice for the managers when deciding which employee is most fit for the specific foreign assignment. After the selection process is complete the company has to provide clear and specific guidelines that grantee consistency in administration of expatriates. Among other things company’s expatriate policy should discuss in depth key issues such as reimbursement and expense procedures, benefits and compensation packages, on-program assistance and support upon completion of assignment. Another useful, even though expensive practice is sending a candidate to the explorative trip to the host country to be introduced to workplace and local customs in order to make final decision. Graduate Institute of Human Resources) Orientation. The pre-departure orientation should start months before the actual departure. The employee should receive cultural sensitivity training by being briefed on local history, policy, geography, climate, housing, schools and entertainment, as well as, customs, traditions and gender roles within the community. The language training is a requirement since it has been observed willingness to use host language has greater impact on success rather than actual level of fluency (Beitler, 2002). The orientation should include simulations that will force the employee to face the cultural difference in unfamiliar setting in order to deal with emotional discomfort and solve the communication problem. â€Å"Work related attitudes such as productivity, dependability, pace, frequency of breaks, meeting interruptions and deadlines vary greatly from culture to culture. Trainees must also be alerted to possible negative attitudes towards nationality, race, or gender. † (Beitler, 2002 ) During Assignment. First month after arrival proves to be the toughest because expatriate not only is adjusting to new workplace but new country as well. Figuring out trivial things like where to shop and how to rent a movie might become extensive workload, especially if expatriate is with family. Expatriates face substantial uncertainty regarding their new role in the organization when they first arrive in their new location. They must figure out how things work and what is the best way to approach problems that they may encounter. Any information the expatriates gain regarding the new job, the organization, and the larger cultural environment will help them learn what to expect, how to interpret various stimuli they encounter day-today, and what the appropriate behavior is in a given situation. (Toh DeNisi, 2005) The assimilation in the workplace takes long time that’s why a local â€Å"buddy† that will introduce expatriate to new team as well as guide him through the process needs to be assigned. Local mentor will help to build first connections in host country as well as have a constant support till adjustment period is over. Moreover, all local staff should be briefed on the arrival of expatriate as well, and informed about expatriate’s native culture, customs and history to make his arrival at least expected. If expatriate is facing more complicated problems, there should be an assigned person within the organization in his home country that he will be able to contact in case of emergency or to tackle larger concerns. It might turn out that during the assignment expatriate becomes homesick or burned out. In order to avoid it, company should be able to offer one or few, depending on the length of assignment, trips home as well as paid vocational leaves for expatriate and his family for temporarily change of location and rest. This serves the purpose of refreshing and renewing expatriate’s strength after visiting friends and family home and temporarily relief f rom the host country environment, especially if it’s a country with lower living standard than in the native. Repatriation. Despite assignment being completed upon return, the danger of failure is still daunting. Expatriate and the experience he/she gained on the assignment are one of the company’s most valuable assets. If expatriate decides to leave the company shortly after arrival all resources, effort and support during the assignment will be wasted. The company will virtually lose thousands of invested dollars. Especially, if the employee will leave for the competition, which will give them advantage by his provided experience and expertise. The reason why some expatriates leave the company shortly after the completion of assignments is inability to readjust to changed overtime company environment, lower position offered upon return and better conditions and pay promised by competition. The preparation for expatriate’s return should start months prior to his arrival. The HR manager should figure out the new placement and salary of returned employee that will account for international experience and successful completion of assignment. Since foreign assignments can take up to five years it’s obvious that company will be endure many changes by the time of return. So expatriate needs to be reintroduced to new staff, placed in a new team and closely followed and supported during the first few months. Any sign of dissatisfaction or lack of motivation should alarm the management and expatriate should be offered to discuss the existing problem and referred to either management or therapy depending on the nature of the problem. Conclusion. Despite complexity and difficulty of foreign assignments, there are a growing number of companies that have successful expatriate support system which helps employees throughout the assignment period. Organizations have gained more expertise in training employees to become successful expatriates; the orientation programs are more extensive and inclusive rather than non-existent or at best ad hoc as before. Expatriate in need will have a network of support within the host company as well as the headquarters.

Why Rings Turn Your Finger Green

Why Rings Turn Your Finger Green Have you ever gotten a green ring around your finger from wearing a ring? How about a black ring or a red ring? Discoloration where a ring touches your skin is due to a combination of factors: the metal of the ring, the chemical environment on your skin and your bodys immune response to the ring.Its a common misconception that only cheap rings can turn your finger green. Inexpensive rings commonly are made using copper or a copper alloy, which reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide, or verdigris, which is green. Its not harmful and wears away a few days after you stop wearing the ring. However, fine jewelry also can cause discoloration of your finger.Silver rings can turn your finger green or black. Silver reacts with acids and air to tarnish to a black color. Sterling silver usually contains about 7% copper, so you can get the green discoloration too. Gold, especially 10k and 14k gold, usually contains enough non-gold metal that it can cause discoloration. White gold is an exceptio n, since it is plated with rhodium, which tends not to discolor. The rhodium plating wears away over time, so a ring that initially seems fine may produce a discoloration after it has been worn a while.Another cause of discoloration may be a reaction to the metal of the ring. Some people are sensitive to any of a number of metals used in ring, especially copper and nickel. Applying lotions or other chemicals to your hand while wearing a ring increases the likelihood that the ring, chemical and your skin will react.

Influence of Perception on Interpersonal Communication Essay

Influence of Perception on Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example As noted by Wood (2010), there is a need to distinguish facts from inferences for interpersonal communication to be considered competent. The author clearly defined facts as â€Å"an objective statement based on observation; (while) an inference involves an interpretation that goes beyond the facts† (p. 85). In this regard, the essay aims to present instances when languages are used to accurately signify facts as contrasted to inferences. Through observing conversations with people one normally interacts with, the discourse would find and discuss instances when tentative language would be more accurate; and when there is a need to distinguish between fact and inferences, and to address them, as required. Using Tentative Language In addressing the requirements of becoming more sensitive to the difference between facts and inferences, one observed interpersonal communication that occurred within one’s family members and noted the following: In one instance, I asked my hus band to load the washer and empty the dryer. I specifically said: â€Å"Honey, I am still finishing up preparing for lunch. Would you please see that the washer is loaded and find out if the drying is likewise empty?† I proceeded preparing our meal and by the time I remembered what I asked my husband to do, I found out that nothing was done. I could have easily inferred based on one’s initial perception that â€Å"My God! Honey, you are such as irresponsible person. The tasks I requested you to do is so simple; yet, you did not comply! You are so insensitive and selfish!† By using tentative words, one could initially reflect that â€Å"my husband may be irresponsible or may be insensitive or selfish† so as not to treat the inference as a fact. However, by analyzing the situation, the fact is that the washer was not loaded and the dryer was not emptied. Now, one would like to know the reasons why these tasks were not complied as requested. Therefore, I ask ed my husband: â€Å"Honey, I told you earlier to please see that the washer is loaded and find out if the drying is likewise empty. How come you did not comply?† My husband replied: â€Å"Oh, I am so sorry dear. I did not hear what you said. I went out for a while this morning to take the garbage out. You must have thought I was still in the living room when you gave the instructions. I will do it now.† So, apparently, the reason why the tasks were not complied, as instructed was that my husband was not even there when I relayed the message. Had I barged and shouted the terms I inferred such as â€Å"irresponsible, insensitive and selfish† I would have definitely gone beyond the facts. Extending the Observation When the observation was extended to other people, the work setting is the most appropriate environment where facts and inferences abound. My husband relayed to me his experience in the workplace as he was requested by his boss to work with other personn el, as a team in complying with a new project of targeting new customers to increase their monthly sales. The boss specifically identified a colleague, Mr. X, to conduct a simple market research on a Friday afternoon at the nearby supermarket to determine if their products are fast moving and who their competitors are. The details are needed

Communication Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Security - Essay Example Frequently, one would desire to make use of various cryptographic equipment with estimated, noisy, and non-uniformly disseminated keys, rather than the exact, sternly random strings that are typically needed. Similarly â€Å"fuzzy† secret could be assessed on somewhat concealed biometric characteristics a retinal scan rather than a thumbprint. For instance, it could be a long password incorrectly dedicated to memory, or one’s impulsive reactions to a list of personal questions. If at all possible, someone would be looking for a wide variety of techniques to alter some of the above into cryptographically powerful keys practical for a variety of purposes. Hence, a number of structures geared toward precise applications have surfaced in the previous few years.The application of fuzzy cryptography can offer an excellent support for potential enhancement of network communication error correction and security. It is an admitted fact that the application of next-generation sec urity mechanisms has offered much better support and network security which have improved the security of a communication network. With the evolution of penetration through mobile devices in current years, safety and privacy threats, as well as security necessities correspondingly, have multiplied. In fact, it has augmented a wide variety of threats, though, is indistinct to wireless networks and mobile users as security methods are supposed as a hassle for the reason that they are not inconspicuous as well as might divert from high-level jobs. (Boyen; Dodis, Reyzin and Smith; Al-saggaf and Acharya). The basic purpose of this research is to assess the application of fuzzy cryptography for achieving feasible network security and offering better security means that are less unobtrusive or even obtrusive? Proposed Solution For the application of better security through fuzzy cryptography, the proposed idea is to make use of context (sensor generated, state reliant content for example ambient audio, location or ambient light) as an embedded method to implement a fundamental level of privacy and security. In fact, this context can be employed as frequent secret codes amongst devices in the similar

Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Research Paper

Maya Angelou's I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - Research Paper Example It is important to consider the roles of the females in her life as well as those of the males. She seems to gather her greatest resources from the female society of relatives and friends, and she likewise strengthens her strong female affinities as a result of the negative relationships and experiences she finds in most of the male characters. Knowledge is passed to Maya through the female mother figures in her life; this includes her mother, her grandmothers, and Mrs. Flowers. Her first and foremost female relationship, as depicted in Caged Bird, with her paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, whom Maya and her brother Bailey call Momma. The young siblings are shipped to Momma, in Stamps, Arkansas, by their parents. It is she who raises them during their early childhood years in this rural southern setting of the early 1930's. Momma is known as a good-looking woman, but Maya sees her through different eyes. "I saw only her power and strength. She was taller than any woman in my personal world, and her hands were so large they could span my head from ear to ear" (46). Momma had been married three times. She had two sons, one of whom is Maya's father, Bailey, Sr. Maya accepts Momma as a mother figure and role model. She teaches Maya through her words and through her actions. Maya learns from Momma how racism plays a part in their lives and how to handle and recognize it (47). An important tribute in the book to Momma's strength is how she deals with the "powhitetrash" girls who come up to the store and taunt her. They mock her stance and her facial expressions, and then one girl does a handstand, and in so doing reveals her lack of undergarments. Momma stands her ground in the face of this insult, and though seemingly powerless, she finds her strength within her will. She wills herself to rise above the whole scene. Not unlike her slave ancestors, she sings and hums in the face of adversity (32,33) Momma tells Maya to wash the tears from her face. And as Maya complies she observes, ''Whatever the contest had been out front, I knew Momma had won" (33). Already, the author recognizes the power, strength, and spirit of her grandmother and appreciates her life and teachings. "Her world was bordered on all sides with work, duty, religion and 'her place.' I do n't think she ever knew that a deep-brooding love hung over everything she touched" (57). In her work, "The Grandmother in African and African/American Literature," Mildred Hill-Lubin discusses Grandmother Henderson and others like her. Hill-Lubin calls these women the "sheroes" of the time (p. 266). She talks about how the African family has suffered under the burden of slavery and colonialism. However, she feels that the reason for its perseverance and survival is the grandmother. The grandmother's role, function and importance can be traced to the revered status, position, and responsibilities which elders hold in West African society (Hill-Lubin 258). The grandmother often maintained a household which consisted of her unmarried or married children and of her grandchildren; in this way the resources were pooled. The 1930's was a period of rough times, and there wasn't enough money for individuals to live separately. Consequently, some would strike out on their own, as did Maya's parents, and the childrearing was left to the grandmother. She had to be tough and strong in order to pull things together in so many ways for the entire family' Both of Maya's grandmothers are "strong, independent, skillful women who are able to manage their

The Criticality Of Retaining Skilled Employees Management Essay

The Criticality Of Retaining Skilled Employees Management Essay Introduction: Purpose of the report: The report is intended to analyse the key factors involved in employee retention and also focus of the measures to be taken up by the employer for reducing the attrition rate of skilled workers. The solutions discussed suggested in the report could be possibly applied in the case of Keeping Suzanne Chalmers. The commentary also aims to discuss further the reasons of the employee leaving the company. Scope: The information in the report ranges from examining the factors for Suzanne Chalmers quitting the job to the measures taken by Thomas Chan to stop the attrition. Further the analysis in the commentary will discuss in general the reasons responsible for such situations in organisations. Background: The credentials of the report would be the case study of Suzanne Chalmers a top talent in the area of internet protocol working at API who decided to quit the organisation even though was offered options like higher salary, larger working space, unpaid leave for two or three months complete with paid benefits and increase in share options. Limitations: The report revolves around the employee retention of Suzanne Chalmers and the tactics tried by the employer Thomas Chan and is limited for being offered only a few number of reasons to stay back in the employment. The analysis of the case is based and compared on the theories of four drive and the theory of expectancy. Summary of the issue: The case of Suzanne Chalmers working at Advanced Photonics Inc. as a software engineer in internet protocol is a typical example of the issue faced by many employers in the current market were in employees who are talented for the job and hold key position in the company after earning many accolades for outstanding performance over years and responsible for finishing projects contributing a fortune to the company deciding to leave the company on a very short notice without proper reasons. The summary of the report discusses about the means and ways the employer can practice to hold the employee back at work and other reasons accounting for the employee to decide to leave the job and possible solutions around the issue. It also confers about the resolutions tried by the employee in the case of Suzanne further converses about the employee behavior in general towards their job and the responsibilities entrusted onto them by the employer. The expectations of the employee and employer in general have also been mentioned in the report. In the case of Suzanne Chalmers the employee quits the organisation at a stage of her career were she is under the age of 40 years just like many other employees who quit the company. It is also noted that the reason is not stress or long hours. The vice president of Advanced Photonics Inc thought that the reason was more money. The generous share options which had skyrocketed on the stock market giving many employees more money than they can make use off. It has been observed that their finance independence gave them less reason to remain with the organisation. It was noted that the employee after quitting the organisation and taking a break returned back to market and joined a start-up software firm in the same locality. The meeting between the vice president and the employee is discussed further moving to the solutions for retaining employees in general. The motivation factors for the employees in an organisation have been elaborated in the report. The report would also discuss emotions of the workforce as well as values and attitudes of management. Importance of employee turnover: Abbasi and Hollman (2000) sought to determine the impact of employee turnover on organizations and found that excessive employee turnover often engenders far-reaching consequences and, at the extreme, may jeopardize efforts to attain organizational objectives. In addition, Abbasi and Hollman (2000) indicated that when an organization loses a critical employee, there is negative impact on innovation, consistency in providing service to guests may be jeopardized, and major delays in the delivery of services to customers may occur. The study also showed that a decline in the standard of service provided to guests could also adversely affect the satisfaction of internal and external customers and consequently, the profitability of the organization. As part of the process of developing and implementing strategies to maintain and increase competitiveness, organizations face the challenge of retaining their best employees. As such, this research was designed to analyze and determine the most effective ways for one employer to retain its critical employees. The company in this study has been successful at maintaining a relatively low turnover ratio, but the employees who left the organization have been critical employees, thus presenting a significant challenge. The results of this research effort potentially could be used as a framework for guiding employee retention in other large, complex organizations. Criticality of Retaining Skilled Employees: Fitz-enz (2002) stated that the average company loses approximately $1 million with every 10 managerial and professional employees who leave the organization. As mentioned previously, the combined direct and indirect costs associated with one employee ranges from a minimum of one years pay and benefits to a maximum of two years pay and benefits. Thus, there is significant economic impact when an organization loses any of its critical employees, especially given the knowledge that is lost with the employees departure. It will become significantly more important in the years ahead to recognize the commitment of individuals to an organization, as well as the organizations need to create an environment in which one would be willing to stay (Harris, 2000). Organizations will need to either create an intellectual capital environment where the transmission of knowledge takes place throughout the structure, or continue to lose important individual knowledge that has been developed during the length of service (Harris, 2000). This deep knowledge is what many believe will help to meet the needs and expectations of the customers and to create and sustain a competitive advantage within the global economy in which organizations are competing in today. The critical factors derived out of eminent motivation theories and the implications for developing and implementing employee retention practices can be described as follows: Needs of the Employee Employees have multiple needs based on their individual, family, and cultural values. In addition, these needs depend on the current and desired economic, political, and social status; career aspiration; the need to balance career, family, education, community, religion and other factors; and a general feeling of ones satisfaction with the current and desired state of being. Work Environment Employees want to work in an environment that is productive, respectful, provides a feeling of inclusiveness, and offers friendly setting. Responsibilities Given that one feels competent to perform in a more challenging capacity and has previously demonstrated such competencies, an employee may feel a need to seek additional responsibilities and be rewarded in a fair and equitable manner. Supervision Managers and other leaders more frequently than others feel a need to teach, coach, and develop others. In addition, these individuals would seek to influence the organizations goals, objectives and the strategies designed to achieve the mission of the organisation. Fairness and Equity Employees want to be treated and regarded in a fair and equitable manner regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, geographic location, or other similarly defined categories, With increased effort and higher performances employees also expect to be regarded more significantly than counterparts who provide output at or below the norm. The employees effort and performance at a particular level is influenced by their individual goals and objectives and which would vary by each individual. An outcome or reward that is perceived to be highly significant and important can result in a higher level of effort and performance by the individual employee. Effort Even though employees may exert higher levels of effort into a position based on a perceived significant reward, this could be a short-term success if the task itself does not challenge or provides satisfaction to the employee. Employee Development Employees prefer to function in environments that provide a challenge, offers new learning opportunities, significantly contributes to the organisations success, offers opportunities for advancement and personal development based on success and demonstrated interest in a particular area. Feedback Individuals prefer to have timely and open feedback from their supervisors. This feedback should be an ongoing process during the year and not limited to formal performance reviews once or twice per year. In addition, the feedback should be from both the employee and the supervisor. Employee Retention at Advanced Photonics Inc : As implicated in the case study Thomas Chan the vice president at the organisation has observed that employees even though were under 40 years, which is too early to retire quitting the job at API. It has also been witnessed that it is not for reasons like stress or long hours but the organisations share options that skyrocketed on the stock market which left many employees at API with more money than they could possibly spend. It has also left the employees to be millionaires giving them financial independence leaving fewer reasons to stay in employed at API. In this particular case Thomas was approached by Suzanne Chalmers who has been employed at API for four years in the field of internet protocol as a software engineer supporting the software that directed fibre optic light through APIs routers. It is also mentioned that internet protocol is a very specialized work and Chalmers was one of the top talents in that area. Theory of Expectancy and Four Drive Theory: Four Drive Theory: As it is known that emotions play a significant role in employee motivation which is not supported by many theories and researchers. But, the four drive theory emphasizes the concept and relevance of emotions in employee motivation. The theory was developed by Harvard Business School professors Paul Lawrence and Nitin Nohria. According to Steven M, Mara O, Tony T (P. 178, 2009), a motivation theory that is based on the innate drives to acquire, bond, learn and defend, and that incorporates both emotions and rationality. It has been derived that employees with higher emotional intelligence are more sensitive to competing demands from the four drives, and are better able to avoid impulsive behaviour from those drives, and can judge the best way to act to fulfill those drive demands in a social context. Recommendations of the practical implications of the theory are explained in two parts. First being that best workplaces for employee motivation and wellbeing offer co nditions that help employees fulfill all four drives. Employees continually seek fulfillment of their innate drives, so successful companies provide sufficient rewards, learning opportunities, social interaction and so forth for all employees. The second recommendation is that fulfillment of the four drives must be kept in balance; that is, organisations should avoid too much or too little opportunity to fulfill each drive. The reason for this recommendation is that the four drives compensate each other. Expectancy Theory of Motivation: This theory offers an elegant model based on rational logic to predict the chosen direction, level and persistence of motivation. According to Steven M, Mara O, Tony T (P. 178, 2009), expectancy theory is a motivation theory based on the idea that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes. The concept also says that work effort is directed toward behaviors that people believe will lead to desired outcomes. One of the appealing characteristics of expectancy theory is that it provides clear guidelines for increasing employee motivation. The Expectancy Theory of Motivation was developed, by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management, in the year 1964. He was of the opinion that people made a conscious choice while deciding whether or not to perform at the workplace. However the choice that was made by the employee depended entirely on the employees level of motivation which in turn was a function of th ree factors which are effort, performance and outcome. Current trend of Employee job satisfaction and Suzanne Chalmers: In the current generation employee is not completely satisfied with higher salary packages but is looking for more than that and stressing on innovative ways of retaining the employee. The reasons for choosing an organisation for employment can be categorized as location of company, compensation, the job, company reputation, career development, career path, job security, organisational culture, challenge, training and development, empowerment and attractive benefits. Like wise potential reasons for employee to leave the organisation can be classified as salary, lack of challenge and opportunity, lack of career advancement opportunities, ineffective leadership, inadequate emphasis on teamwork, not having the opportunity for a flexible work schedule, too long of a commute, lack of trust in senior management, inadequate opportunity for training and development and low overall job satisfaction. The case of Suzanne Chalmers can be listed for lack of challenge and opportunity and lack of c areer advancement. The employer took care of everything but lacked on the above mentioned factors leaving the employee with no other choice but to quit the job. Conclusion: If the organisations take up better employee retention plans and offer employees with more valued reasons to stay back with the organisation. The firms can possibly come up with innovative employee retention programs by offering the employees with better location of the company or the branch which is closer to their living place, compensation, better job matching their qualification, career development, career path, job security, organisational culture, challenge in job, training and development, empowerment and attractive benefits. Applying the thoughts of Four Drive theory has been proved to be very important in the current situation as emotions play a major role in motivation of employees.

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Ethics in School Psychology School psychologists are presented with making ethical decisions on a daily basis due to the delicate balance between the needs of schools, parents, and children. What may be in the best interest of the child may conflict with the desires of the parents or may require services the school would rather ignore. Ethical dilemmas become increasingly complicated when state or federal laws conflict with ethical principles that could result in legal consequences. Ethical issues are a critical component for both the training and professional guidelines for the American Psychological Association (APA) and the National Association of School Psychology (Nagle, 1987). The current paper will provide an overview of the four overarching NASP ethical principles alongside examples of common ethical dilemmas faced by school psychologists. Respecting the Dignity and Rights of All Persons The first principle outlined by NASP (2010) states that: School psychologists engage only in professional practices that maintain the dignity of all individuals. In their words and actions, school psychologists demonstrate respect for the autonomy of persons and their right to self-determination, respect for privacy, and a commitment to just and fair treatment of all persons. (p. 302). Additional principles subsumed under this overarching principle include: (a) autonomy and self-determination; (b) privacy and confidentiality; (c) fairness and justice. Autonomy and self-determination respects each individual’s right to make decisions that affect him or herself including consent and assent processes. There are ethical exceptions to parental consent, such as consultation services to a teacher regarding interventions with a child tha... ...e of school psychologists’ responsibilities demands an effective strategy to approach ethical dilemmas. Conclusion Ethical considerations are an integral component to every school psychologists’ job. NASP (2010) outlines four overarching ethical principles including: (a) respecting the dignity and rights of all persons; (b) professional competence and responsibility; (c) honesty and integrity in professional relationships; (d) responsibility to schools, families, communities, the profession, and society. These principles elucidate the complex nature of possible ethical dilemmas that can arise across the diverse range of school psychologists’ roles. A thorough knowledge of ethics and law make up the foundation for providing effective services to students, families, and schools. Without an understanding of ethics, school psychologists could do more harm than good.